Uses:

• Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER):
  Ruthenium-based catalysts are employed in electrocatalytic hydrogen production from water splitting. They are a cost-effective alternative to platinum due to their strong metal-hydrogen bonding and tunable electronic properties.
• Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation:
  These catalysts play a critical role in converting CO₂ into value-added products such as methane, methanol, and synthetic fuels through hydrogenation processes.
• Ammonia Synthesis:
  In catalytic ammonia synthesis, ruthenium-based systems have been developed for high activity under mild conditions. They are an alternative to the traditional iron catalysts RSC Publishing



• 1. Petrochemical Industry:
  Ruthenium catalysts are used in reforming reactions to improve the quality of fuels and in cracking heavy hydrocarbons.
• 2. Selective Oxidations and Reductions:
  These catalysts find applications in organic synthesis, aiding in selective oxidation or reduction reactions due to their high stability and activity.
• 3. Electrocatalysis for Energy Applications:
  Ruthenium is critical in designing advanced catalysts for fuel cells and batteries.

Key Specifications:

• Support Materials: Often used with TiO₂, ZrO₂, and Al₂O₃ supports to enhance stability and catalytic performance.
• Particle Size: Nanometer-scale particles are commonly used to maximize surface area and catalytic efficiency.
• Operating Temperatures: Effective at temperatures as low as 190 °C for reactions like CO₂ hydrogenation, depending on the support and reaction conditions.
• Stability: Exhibits high thermal stability and resistance to deactivation over extended operational periods.

• These catalysts are continually being optimized to improve activity, selectivity, and durability, especially for sustainable and green chemistry applications. Let me know if you need detailed technical data sheets or assistance in sourcing specific ruthenium-based catalysts!.